Baraclude 0.5 mg filmcoated tablets

Baraclude 1 mg filmcoated tablets

Baraclude 0.05 mg/ml oral solution

Each tablet contains 0.5 mg or 1 mg entecavir (as monohydrate).

Excipients: each 0.5 mg tablet contains 120.5 mg lactose and each 1 mg tablet contains 241 mg lactose.

Each ml oral solution contains 0.05 mg entecavir (as monohydrate).

Excipient: 380 mg maltitol/ml

1.5 mg methylhydroxybenzoate/ml

0.18 mg propylhydroxybenzoate/ml

For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

Filmcoated tablet (tablet)

Baraclude 0.5 mg filmcoated tablets

White to offwhite and triangularshaped tablet with “BMS” debossed on one side and “1611” on the other.

Baraclude 1 mg filmcoated tablets

Pink and triangularshaped tablet with “BMS” debossed on one side and “1612” on the other.

Oral solution

Clear, colourless to pale yellow solution

Baraclude is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults with compensated liver disease and evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. This indication is based on clinical trial data in nucleoside naive patients with HBeAg positive and HBeAg negative HBV infection. With respect to patients with lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B, see sections 4.4 and 5.1.

Therapy should be initiated by a physician experienced in the management of chronic hepatitis B infection.

Baraclude should be taken orally, once-daily. It is recommended that the dosing spoon be rinsed with water after each daily dose.

Nucleoside naïve patients: the recommended dose is 0.5 mg once daily, with or without food.

Lamivudine-refractory patients (i.e. with evidence of viraemia while on lamivudine or the presence of lamivudine resistance [LVDr] mutations) (see sections 4.4 and 5.1): the recommended dose is 1 mg once daily, which must be taken on an empty stomach (more than 2 hours before or more than 2 hours after a meal) (see section 5.2).

Duration of therapy: the optimal duration of treatment is unknown. Treatment discontinuation may be considered as follows:

• In HBeAg positive patients, treatment should be administered at least until HBe seroconversion (HBeAg loss and HBV DNA loss with anti-HBe detection on two consecutive serum samples at least 36 months apart) or until HBs seroconversion or there is loss of efficacy (see section 4.4).

• In HBeAg negative patients, treatment should be administered at least until HBs seroconversion or there is evidence of loss of efficacy. With prolonged treatment for more than 2 years, regular reassessment is recommended to confirm that continuing the selected therapy remains appropriate for the patient.

Children and adolescents: Baraclude is not recommended for use in children below 18 years due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.

Elderly: no dosage adjustment based on age is required. The dose should be adjusted according to the patient's renal function (see dosage recommendations in renal impairment and section 5.2).

Gender and race: no dosage adjustment based on gender or race is required.

Renal impairment: the clearance of entecavir decreases with decreasing creatinine clearance (see section 5.2). Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min, including those on haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). A reduction of the daily dose using Baraclude oral solution, as detailed in the table, is recommended. As an alternative, in case the oral solution is not available, the dose can be adjusted by increasing the dosage interval, also shown in the table. The proposed dose modifications are based on extrapolation of limited data, and their safety and effectiveness have not been clinically evaluated. Therefore, virological response should be closely monitored.

* for doses < 0.5 mg Baraclude oral solution is recommended.

** on haemodialysis days, administer entecavir after haemodialysis.

Hepatic impairment: no dose adjustment is required in patients with hepatic impairment.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.

Renal impairment: dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with renal impairment (see section 4.2). The proposed dose modifications are based on extrapolation of limited data, and their safety and effectiveness have not been clinically evaluated. Therefore, virological response should be closely monitored.

Exacerbations of hepatitis: spontaneous exacerbations in chronic hepatitis B are relatively common and are characterised by transient increases in serum ALT. After initiating antiviral therapy, serum ALT may increase in some patients as serum HBV DNA levels decline (see section 4.8). Among entecavir-treated patients on-treatment exacerbations had a median time of onset of 45 weeks.In patients with compensated liver disease, these increases in serum ALT are generally not accompanied by an increase in serum bilirubin concentrations or hepatic decompensation. Patients with cirrhosis may be at a higher risk for hepatic decompensation following hepatitis exacerbation, and therefore should be monitored closely during therapy.

Acute exacerbation of hepatitis has also been reported in patients who have discontinued hepatitis B therapy. Post-treatment exacerbations are usually associated with rising HBV DNA, and the majority appears to be selflimited. However, severe exacerbations, including fatalities, have been reported.

Among entecavir-treated nucleoside naive patients, post-treatment exacerbations had a median time to onset of 2324 weeks, and most were reported in HBeAg negative patients (see section 4.8). Hepatic function should be monitored at repeated intervals with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least 6 months after discontinuation of hepatitis B therapy. If appropriate, resumption of hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.

Patients with decompensated cirrhosis: a higher rate of serious hepatic adverse events has been observed in patients with decompensated cirrhosis compared with rates in patients with compensated liver function. This observation is based on limited experience in 45 patients with Child-Pugh score 7 at the start of entecavir treatment. These patients should be regularly monitored for clinical, virological and serological parameters associated with hepatitis B, liver and renal function and antiviral response during treatment, and if treatment is discontinued, for at least 6 months thereafter. Patients experiencing signs of hepatic insufficiency during or post-treatment should be monitored more frequently as appropriate.

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis: occurrences of lactic acidosis (in the absence of hypoxaemia), sometimes fatal, usually associated with severe hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues. As entecavir is a nucleoside analogue, this risk cannot be excluded. Treatment with nucleoside analogues should be discontinued when rapidly elevating aminotransferase levels, progressive hepatomegaly or metabolic/lactic acidosis of unknown aetiology occur. Benign digestive symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, might be indicative of lactic acidosis development. Severe cases, sometimes with fatal outcome, were associated with pancreatitis, liver failure/hepatic steatosis, renal failure and higher levels of serum lactate. Caution should be exercised when prescribing nucleoside analogues to any patient (particularly obese women) with hepatomegaly, hepatitis or other known risk factors for liver disease. These patients should be followed closely.

To differentiate between elevations in aminotransferases due to response to treatment and increases potentially related to lactic acidosis, physicians should ensure that changes in ALT are associated with improvements in other laboratory markers of chronic hepatitis B.

Resistance and specific precaution for lamivudine-refractory patients: mutations in the HBV polymerase that encode lamivudine-resistance substitutions may lead to the subsequent emergence of secondary substitutions, including those associated with entecavir associated resistance (ETVr). ). In a small percentage of lamivudine-refractory patients, ETVr substitutions at residues rtT184, rtS202 or rtM250 were present at baseline. Patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV are at higher risk of developing subsequent entecavir resistance than patients without lamivudine-resistance . The cumulative probability of emerging genotypic entecavir resistance after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years treatment in the lamivudine-refractory studies was 6%, 15%, 36%, 47% and 51%, respectively. Virological response should be frequently monitored in the lamivudine-refractory population and appropriate resistance testing should be performed. In patients with a suboptimal virological response after 24 weeks of treatment with entecavir, a modification of treatment should be considered (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).

Liver transplant recipients: there are limited data on efficacy and safety of entecavir in liver transplant recipients. Renal function should be carefully evaluated before and during entecavir therapy in liver transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine or tacrolimus (see section 5.2).

Co-infection with hepatitis C or D: there are no data on the efficacy of entecavir in patients coinfected with hepatitis C or D virus.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HBV co-infected patients not receiving concomitant antiretroviral therapy: entecavir has not been evaluated in HIV/HBV co-infected patients not concurrently receiving effective HIV treatment. Emergence of HIV resistance has been observed when entecavir was used to treat chronic hepatitis B infection in patients with HIV infection not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (see section 5.1). Therefore, therapy with entecavir should not be used for HIV/HBV coinfected patients who are not receiving HAART. Entecavir has not been studied as a treatment for HIV infection and is not recommended for this use.

HIV/HBV co-infected patients receiving concomitant antiretroviral therapy: entecavir has been studied in 68 adults with HIV/HBV co-infection receiving a lamivudine-containing HAART regimen (see section 5.1). No data are available on the efficacy of entecavir in HBeAg-negative patients co-infected with HIV. There are limited data on patients co-infected with HIV who have low CD4 cell counts (< 200 cells/mm³).

General: patients should be advised that therapy with entecavir has not been proven to reduce the risk of transmission of HBV and therefore appropriate precautions should still be taken.

Tablets

Lactose: this medicinal product contains 241 mg of lactose in each 1 mg daily dose120.5 mg of lactose in each 0.5 mg daily dose.

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucosegalactose malabsorption should not take this medicine. A lactosefree Baraclude oral solution is available for these individuals.

Oral Solution

Maltitol: Baraclude oral solution contains maltitol. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine. Baraclude tablets do not contain maltitol and can be taken by patients with fructose intolerance.

Parahydroxybenzoates: Baraclude oral solution contains the preservatives methylhydroxybenzoate and propylhydroxybenzoate, that may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed).

Since entecavir is predominantly eliminated by the kidney (see section 5.2), coadministration with medicinal products that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase serum concentrations of either medicinal product. Apart from lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the effects of coadministration of entecavir with medicinal products that are excreted renally or affect renal function have not been evaluated. Patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions when entecavir is coadministered with such medicinal products.

No pharmacokinetic interactions between entecavir and lamivudine, adefovir or tenofovir were observed.

Entecavir is not a substrate, an inducer or an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes (see section 5.2). Therefore CYP450 mediated drug interactions are unlikely to occur with entecavir.

There are no adequate data from the use of entecavir in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity at high doses (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Baraclude should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.

Given that the potential risks to the developing foetus are unknown, women of child-bearing potential should use effective contraception.

There are no data on the effect of entecavir on transmission of HBV from mother to newborn infant. Therefore, appropriate interventions should be used to prevent neonatal acquisition of HBV.

It is unknown whether entecavir is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of entecavir in breast milk. Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Baraclude.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. No effect on such activities is expected based on the pharmacodynamic profile of entecavir. Dizziness, fatigue and somnolence are common side effects which may impair the ability to drive and use machines.

Assessment of adverse reactions is based on four clinical studies in which 1,720 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection received double-blind treatment with entecavir 0.5 mg/day (n = 679), entecavir 1 mg/day (n = 183), or lamivudine (n = 858) for up to 107 weeks. The safety profiles of entecavir and lamivudine, including laboratory test abnormalities, were comparable in these studies.

The most common adverse reactions of any severity with at least a possible relation to entecavir were headache (9%), fatigue (6%), dizziness (4%) and nausea (3%).

Adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to treatment with entecavir are listed by body system organ class. Frequency is defined as very common ( 1/10); common ( 1/100, < 1/10). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Experience in nucleoside naive patients (HBeAg positive and negative):

The safety profile is based on treatment exposure to entecavir 0.5 mg once daily for a median of 53 weeks.

Laboratory test abnormalities: 2% of patients had ALT elevations both > 10 times upper limit of the normal range (ULN) and > 2 times baseline, 5% had ALT elevations > 3 times baseline, and < 1% had ALT elevations > 2 times baseline together with total bilirubin > 2 times ULN and > 2 times baseline. Albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl occurred in < 1% of patients, amylase levels > 3 times baseline in 2%, lipase levels > 3 times baseline in 11% and platelets < 50,000/mm³ in < 1%.

Treatment beyond 48 weeks: continued treatment with entecavir for a median duration of 96 weeks did not reveal any new safety signals.

Experience in lamivudine-refractory patients:

The safety profile is based on treatment exposure to entecavir 1 mg once daily for a median of 69 weeks.

Laboratory test abnormalities: 2% of patients had ALT elevations both > 10 times ULN and > 2 times baseline, 4% had ALT elevations > 3 times baseline, and < 1% had ALT elevations > 2 times baseline together with total bilirubin> 2 times ULN and> 2 times baseline. Amylase levels > 3 times baseline occurred in 2% of patients, lipase levels > 3 times baseline in 18% and platelets < 50,000/mm³ in < 1%.

Treatment beyond 48 weeks: continued treatment with entecavir for a median duration of 96 weeks did not reveal any new safety signals.

Exacerbations during treatment: in studies with nucleoside naive patients, on treatment ALT elevations > 10 times ULN and > 2 times baseline occurred in 2% of entecavir treated patients vs 4% of lamivudine treated patients. In studies with lamivudine-refractory patients, on treatment ALT elevations > 10 times ULN and > 2 times baseline occurred in 2% of entecavir treated patients vs 11% of lamivudine treated patients. Among entecavir-treated patients, on-treatment ALT elevations had a median time to onset of 45 weeks, generally resolved with continued treatment, and, in a majority of cases, were associated with a 2 log₁₀/ml reduction in viral load that preceded or coincided with the ALT elevation. Periodic monitoring of hepatic function is recommended during treatment.

Exacerbations after discontinuation of treatment: acute exacerbations of hepatitis have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B virus therapy, including therapy with entecavir (see section 4.4). In studies in nucleoside-naive patients, 6% of entecavirtreated patients and 10% of lamivudinetreated patients experienced ALT elevations (> 10 times ULN and > 2 times reference [minimum of baseline or last end-of-dosing measurement]) during post-treatment follow-up. Among entecavir-treated nucleoside-naive patients, ALT elevations had a median time to onset of 2324 weeks, and 86% (24/28) of ALT elevations occurred in HBeAg negative patients. In studies in lamivudine-refractory patients, with only limited numbers of patients being followed up, 11% of entecavir-treated patients and no lamivudine-treated patients developed ALT elevations during post-treatment follow-up.

In the clinical trials entecavir treatment was discontinued if patients achieved a prespecified response. If treatment is discontinued without regard to treatment response, the rate of post-treatment ALT flares could be higher.

Experience in patients coinfected with HIV: the safety profile of entecavir in a limited number of HIV/HBV co-infected patients on lamivudine-containing HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) regimens was similar to the safety profile in monoinfected HBV patients (see section 4.4).

Gender/age: there was no apparent difference in the safety profile of entecavir with respect to gender (≈ 25% women in the clinical trials) or age (≈ 5% of patients (> 65 years of age).

Decompensated cirrhosis: a higher rate of serious hepatic adverse events has been observed in patients with decompensated cirrhosis compared with rates in patients with compensated liver function. This observation is based on limited experience in 45 patients with Child-Pugh score 7 at the start of entecavir treatment.

Postmarketing experience: in addition to the adverse drug reactions identified from clinical trials, the following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of entecavir.

There is limited experience of entecavir overdose reported in patients. Healthy subjects who received up to 20 mg/day for up to 14 days, and single doses up to 40 mg had no unexpected adverse reactions. If overdose occurs, the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity and given standard supportive treatment as necessary.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

ATC code: J05AF10

Mechanism of action: entecavir, a guanosine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV polymerase, is efficiently phosphorylated to the active triphosphate (TP) form, which has an intracellular halflife of 15 hours. By competing with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine TP, entecavir-TP functionally inhibits the 3 activities of the viral polymerase: (1) priming of the HBV polymerase, (2) reverse transcription of the negative strand DNA from the pregenomic messenger RNA, and (3) synthesis of the positive strand HBV DNA. The entecavir-TP K_i for HBV DNA polymerase is 0.0012 μM. Entecavir-TP is a weak inhibitor of cellular DNA polymerases α, β, and δ with K_i values of 18 to 40 µM. In addition, high exposures of entecavir had no relevant adverse effects on γ polymerase or mitochondrial DNA synthesis in HepG2 cells (K_i > 160 µM).

Antiviral activity: entecavir inhibited HBV DNA synthesis (50% reduction, EC₅₀) at a concentration of 0.004 µM in human HepG2 cells transfected with wild-type HBV. The median EC₅₀ value for entecavir against LVDr HBV (rtL180M and rtM204V) was 0.026 µM (range 0.0100.059 µM). Recombinant viruses encoding adefovir-resistant substitutions at either rtN236T or rtA181V remained fully susceptible to entecavir.

An analysis of the inhibitory activity of entecavir against a panel of laboratory and clinical HIV-1 isolates using a variety of cells and assay conditions yielded EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.026 to> 10 µM; the lower EC₅₀ values were observed when decreased levels of virus were used in the assay. In cell culture, entecavir selected for an M184I substitution at micromolar concentrations, confirming inhibitory pressure at high entecavir concentrations. HIV variants containing the M184V substitution showed loss of susceptibility to entecavir (see section 4.4).

In HBV combination assays in cell culture, abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir or zidovudine were not antagonistic to the anti-HBV activity of entecavir over a wide range of concentrations. In HIV antiviral assays, entecavir at micromolar concentrations was not antagonistic to the anti-HIV activity in cell culture of these six NRTIs or emtricitabine.

Resistance in cell culture: relative to wild-type HBV, LVDr viruses containing rtM204V and rtL180M substitutions within the reverse transcriptase exhibit 8-fold decreased susceptibility to entecavir. Incorporation of additional ETVr amino acid changes rtT184, rtS202 or rtM250 decreases entecavir susceptibility in cell culture. Substitutions observed in clinical isolates (rtT184A, C, F, G, I, L, M or S; rtS202 C, G or I; and/or rtM250I, L or V) further decreased entecavir susceptibility 16- to 741-fold relative to wild-type virus. The ETVr substitutions at residues rtT184, rtS202 and rtM250 alone have only a modest effect on entecavir susceptibility, and have not been observed in the absence of LVDr substitutions in more than 1000 patient samples sequenced. Resistance is mediated by reduced inhibitor binding to the altered HBV reverse transcriptase, and resistant HBV exhibits reduced replication capacity in cell culture.

Clinical experience: the demonstration of benefit is based on histological, virological, biochemical, and serological responses after 48 weeks of treatment in active-controlled clinical trials of 1,633 adults with chronic hepatitis B infection and evidence of viral replication.

In all studies, histological improvement was defined as a 2point decrease in Knodell necro-inflammatory score from baseline with no worsening of the Knodell fibrosis score. Responses for patients with baseline Knodell Fibrosis Scores of 4 (cirrhosis) were comparable to overall responses on all efficacy outcome measures (all patients had compensated liver disease). High baseline Knodell necroinflammatory scores (> 10) were associated with greater histological improvement in nucleoside-naive patients. Baseline ALT levels 2 x ULN and baseline HBV DNA 9.0 log₁₀ copies/ml were both associated with higher rates of virologic response (Week 48 HBV DNA < 400 copies/ml) in nucleoside-naive HBeAg-positive patients. Regardless of baseline characteristics, the majority of patients showed histological and virological responses to treatment.

Experience in nucleosidenaive patients with compensated liver disease:

Results at 48 weeks of randomised, double blind studies comparing entecavir (ETV) to lamivudine (LVD) in HBeAg positive (022) and HBeAg negative (027) patients are presented in the table.

Experience in lamivudine-refractory patients:

In a randomised, doubleblind study in HBeAg positive lamivudine-refractory patients (026), with 85% of patients presenting LVDr mutations at baseline, patients receiving lamivudine at study entry either switched to entecavir 1 mg once daily, with neither a washout nor an overlap period (n = 141), or continued on lamivudine 100 mg once daily (n = 145). Results at 48 weeks are presented in the table.

Results beyond 48 weeks of treatment:

Treatment was discontinued when prespecified response criteria were met either at 48 weeks or during the second year of treatment. Response criteria were HBV virological suppression (HBV DNA < 0.7 MEq/ml by bDNA) and loss of HBeAg (in HBeAg positive patients) or ALT < 1.25 times ULN (in HBeAg negative patients). Patients in response were followed for an additional 24 weeks off-treatment. Patients who met virologic but not serologic or biochemical response criteria continued blinded treatment. Patients who did not have a virologic response were offered alternative treatment.

Nucleoside-naive:

HBeAg positive (study 022): treatment with entecavir for up to 96 weeks (n = 354) resulted in cumulative response rates of 80% for HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR, 87% for ALT normalisation, 31% for HBeAg seroconversion and 2% for HBsAg seroconversion (5% for HBsAg loss). For lamivudine (n = 355), cumulative response rates were 39% for HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR, 79% for ALT normalisation, 26% for HBeAg seroconversion, and 2% for HBsAg seroconversion (3% for HBsAg loss).

At end of dosing, among patients who continued treatment beyond 52 weeks (median of 96 weeks), 81% of 243 entecavir-treated and 39% of 164 lamivudine-treated patients had HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR while ALT normalisation ( 1 times ULN) occurred in 79% of entecavir-treated and 68% of lamivudine-treated patients.

HBeAg negative (study 027): treatment with entecavir up to 96 weeks (n = 325) resulted in cumulative response rates of 94% for HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR and 89% for ALT normalisation versus 77% for HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR and 84% for ALT normalisation for lamivudine-treated patients (n = 313).

For 26 entecavir-treated and 28 lamivudine-treated patients who continued treatment beyond 52 weeks (median 96 weeks), 96% of entecavir-treated and 64% of lamivudine-treated patients had HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR at end of dosing. ALT normalisation ( 1 times ULN) occurred in 27% of entecavir-treated and 21% of lamivudine-treated patients at end of dosing.

For patients who met protocol-defined response criteria, response was sustained throughout the 24week post-treatment follow-up in 75% (83/111) of entecavir responders vs 73% (68/93) for lamivudine responders in study 022 and 46% (131/286) of entecavir responders vs 31% (79/253) for lamivudine responders in study 027. By 48 weeks of post-treatment follow-up, a substantial number of HBeAg negative patients lost response.

Liver biopsy results: 57 patients from the pivotal nucleoside-naive studies 022 (HBeAg positive) and 027 (HBeAg negative) who enrolled in a long-term rollover study were evaluated for long-term liver histology outcomes. The entecavir dosage was 0.5 mg daily in the pivotal studies (mean exposure 85 weeks) and 1 mg daily in the rollover study (mean exposure 177 weeks), and 51 patients in the rollover study initially also received lamivudine (median duration 29 weeks). Of these patients, 55/57 (96%) had histological improvement as previously defined (see above), and 50/57 (88%) had a 1point decrease in Ishak fibrosis score. For patients with baseline Ishak fibrosis score 2, 25/43 (58%) had a 2point decrease. All (10/10) patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis at baseline (Ishak fibrosis score of 4, 5 or 6) had a 1 point decrease (median decrease from baseline was 1.5 points). At the time of the long-term biopsy, all patients had HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml and 49/57 (86%) had serum ALT 1 x ULN. All 57 patients remained positive for HBsAg.

Lamivudine-refractory:

HBeAg positive (study 026): treatment with entecavir for up to 96 weeks (n = 141) resulted in cumulative response rates of 30% for HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR, 85% for ALT normalisation and 17% for HBeAg seroconversion.

For the 77 patients who continued entecavir treatment beyond 52 weeks (median 96 weeks), 40% of patients had HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml by PCR and 81% had ALT normalisation ( 1 times ULN) at end of dosing.

Age/gender:

There was no apparent difference in efficacy for entecavir based on gender (≈ 25% women in the clinical trials) or age (≈ 5% of patients> 65 years of age).

Special populations

HIV/HBV co-infected patients receiving concomitant HAART: study 038 included 67 HBeAg positive and 1 HBeAg negative patients co-infected with HIV. Patients had stable controlled HIV (HIV RNA < 400 copies/ml) with recurrence of HBV viraemia on a lamivudine-containing HAART regimen. HAART regimens did not include emtricitabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. At baseline entecavir-treated patients had a median duration of prior lamivudine therapy of 4.8 years and median CD4 count of 494 cells/mm³ (with only 5 subjects having CD4 count < 200 cells/mm³). Patients continued their lamivudine-regimen and were assigned to add either entecavir 1 mg once daily (n = 51) or placebo (n = 17) for 24 weeks followed by an additional 24 weeks where all received entecavir. At 24 weeks the reduction in HBV viral load was significantly greater with entecavir (-3.65 vs an increase of 0.11 log₁₀ copies/ml). For patients originally assigned to entecavir treatment, the reduction in HBV DNA at 48 weeks was 4.20 log₁₀ copies/ml, ALT normalisation had occurred in 37% of patients with abnormal baseline ALT and none achieved HBeAg seroconversion.

HIV/HBV co-infected patients not receiving concomitant HAART: entecavir has not been evaluated in HIV/HBV co-infected patients not concurrently receiving effective HIV treatment. Reductions in HIV RNA have been reported in HIV/HBV co-infected patients receiving entecavir monotherapy without HAART. In some cases, selection of HIV variant M184V has been observed, which has implications for the selection of HAART regimens that the patient may take in the future. Therefore, entecavir should not be used in this setting due to the potential for development of HIV resistance (see section 4.4).

Patients with decompensated liver disease: a randomised open-label study (048) comparing entecavir 1.0 mg once daily with adefovir 10 mg once daily in patients with hepatic decompensation is ongoing.

Clinical resistance: patients in clinical trials initially treated with entecavir 0.5 mg (nucleosidenaive) or 1.0 mg (lamivudine-refractory) and with an on-therapy PCR HBV DNA measurement at or after Week 24 were monitored for resistance.

Through Week 240 in nucleoside-naive studies, genotypic evidence of ETVr substitutions at rtT184, rtS202, or rtM250 was identified in 3 patients treated with entecavir, 2 of whom experienced virologic breakthrough (see table). These substitutions were observed only in the presence of LVDr substitutions (rtM204V and rtL180M).

ETVr substitutions (in addition to LVDr substitutions rtM204V/I ± rtL180M) were observed at baseline in isolates from 10/187 (5%) lamivudine-refractory patients treated with entecavir and monitored for resistance, indicating that prior lamivudine treatment can select these resistance substitutions and that they can exist at a low frequency before entecavir treatment. Through Week 240, 3 of the 10 patients experienced virologic breakthrough ( 1 log₁₀ increase above nadir). Emerging entecavir resistance in lamivudine-refractory studies through Week 240 is summarized in the table.

Among lamivudine-refractory patients with baseline HBV DNA < 10⁷ log₁₀ copies/ml, 64% (9/14) achieved HBV DNA < 300 copies/ml at Week 48. These 14 patients had a lower rate of genotypic entecavir resistance (cumulative probability 18.8% through 5 years of follow-up) than the overall study population (see table). Also, lamivudine-refractory patients who achieved HBV DNA <10⁴ log₁₀ copies/ml by PCR at Week 24 had a lower rate of resistance than those who did not (5-year cumulative probability 17.6% [n= 50] versus 60.5% [n= 135], respectively).

Absorption: entecavir is rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations occurring between 0.51.5 hours. The absolute bioavailability has not been determined. Based on urinary excretion of unchanged drug, the bioavailability has been estimated to be at least 70%. There is a dose-proportionate increase in Cmax and AUC values following multiple doses ranging from 0.11 mg. Steadystate is achieved between 610 days after once daily dosing with ≈ 2 times accumulation. Cmax and Cmin at steadystate are 4.2 and 0.3 ng/ml, respectively, for a dose of 0.5 mg, and 8.2 and 0.5 ng/ml, respectively, for 1 mg. The tablet and oral solution were bioequivalent in healthy subjects; therefore, both forms may be used interchangeably.

Administration of 0.5 mg entecavir with a standard highfat meal (945 kcal, 54.6 g fat) or a light meal (379 kcal, 8.2 g fat) resulted in a minimal delay in absorption (11.5 hour fed vs. 0.75 hour fasted), a decrease in Cmax of 4446%, and a decrease in AUC of 1820%. The lower C_max and AUC when taken with food is not considered to be of clinical relevance in nucleoside-naive patients but could affect efficacy in lamivudine-refractory patients (see section 4.2).

Distribution: the estimated volume of distribution for entecavir is in excess of total body water. Protein binding to human serum protein in vitro is ≈ 13%.

Metabolism: entecavir is not a substrate, inhibitor or inducer of the CYP450 enzyme system. Following administration of ¹⁴C-entecavir, no oxidative or acetylated metabolites and minor amounts of the phase II metabolites, glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, were observed.

Elimination: entecavir is predominantly eliminated by the kidney with urinary recovery of unchanged drug at steadystate of about 75% of the dose. Renal clearance is independent of dose and ranges between 360471 ml/min suggesting that entecavir undergoes both glomerular filtration and net tubular secretion. After reaching peak levels, entecavir plasma concentrations decreased in a biexponential manner with a terminal elimination halflife of ≈ 128149 hours. The observed drug accumulation index is ≈ 2 times with once daily dosing, suggesting an effective accumulation halflife of about 24 hours.

Hepatic impairment: pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment were similar to those in patients with normal hepatic function.

Renal impairment: entecavir clearance decreases with decreasing creatinine clearance. A 4 hour period of haemodialysis removed ≈ 13% of the dose, and 0.3% was removed by CAPD. The pharmacokinetics of entecavir following a single 1 mg dose in patients (without chronic hepatitis B infection) are shown in the table below:

Post-Liver transplant: entecavir exposure in HBV-infected liver transplant recipients on a stable dose of cyclosporine A or tacrolimus (n = 9) was ≈ 2 times the exposure in healthy subjects with normal renal function. Altered renal function contributed to the increase in entecavir exposure in these patients (see section 4.4).

Gender: AUC was 14% higher in women than in men, due to differences in renal function and weight. After adjusting for differences in creatinine clearance and body weight there was no difference in exposure between male and female subjects.

Elderly: the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of entecavir was evaluated comparing elderly subjects in the age range 6583 years (mean age females 69 years, males 74 years) with young subjects in the age range 2040 years (mean age females 29 years, males 25 years). AUC was 29% higher in elderly than in young subjects, mainly due to differences in renal function and weight. After adjusting for differences in creatinine clearance and body weight, elderly subjects had a 12.5% higher AUC than young subjects.The population pharmacokinetic analysis covering patients in the age range 1675 years did not identify age as significantly influencing entecavir pharmacokinetics.

Race: the population pharmacokinetic analysis did not identify race as significantly influencing entecavir pharmacokinetics. However, conclusions can only be drawn for the Caucasian and Asian groups as there were too few subjects in the other categories.

In repeatdose toxicology studies in dogs, reversible perivascular inflammation was observed in the central nervous system, for which noeffect doses corresponded to exposures 19 and 10 times those in humans (at 0.5 and 1 mg respectively). This finding was not observed in repeat-dose studies in other species, including monkeys administered entecavir daily for 1 year at exposures 100 times those in humans.

In reproductive toxicology studies in which animals were administered entecavir for up to 4 weeks, no evidence of impaired fertility was seen in male or female rats at high exposures. Testicular changes (seminiferous tubular degeneration) were evident in repeat-dose toxicology studies in rodents and dogs at exposures 26 times those in humans. No testicular changes were evident in a 1year study in monkeys.

In pregnant rats and rabbits administered entecavir, no effect levels for embryotoxicity and maternal toxicity corresponded to exposures 21 times those in humans. In rats, maternal toxicity, embryo-foetal toxicity (resorptions), lower foetal body weights, tail and vertebral malformations, reduced ossification (vertebrae, sternebrae, and phalanges), and extra lumbar vertebrae and ribs were observed at high exposures. In rabbits, embryo-foetal toxicity (resorptions), reduced ossification (hyoid), and an increased incidence of 13th rib were observed at high exposures. In a peri-postnatal study in rats, no adverse effects on offspring were observed. In a separate study wherein entecavir was administered to pregnant lactating rats at 10 mg/kg, both foetal exposure to entecavir and secretion of entecavir into milk were demonstrated.

No evidence of genotoxicity was observed in an Ames microbial mutagenicity assay, a mammalian-cell gene mutation assay, and a transformation assay with Syrian hamster embryo cells. A micronucleus study and a DNA repair study in rats were also negative. Entecavir was clastogenic to human lymphocyte cultures at concentrations substantially higher than those achieved clinically.

Twoyear carcinogenicity studies: in male mice, increases in the incidences of lung tumours were observed at exposures 4 and 2 times that in humans at 0.5 mg and 1 mg respectively. Tumour development was preceded by pneumocyte proliferation in the lung which was not observed in rats, dogs, or monkeys, indicating that a key event in lung tumour development observed in mice likely was species-specific. Increased incidences of other tumours including brain gliomas in male and female rats, liver carcinomas in male mice, benign vascular tumours in female mice, and liver adenomas and carcinomas in female rats were seen only at high lifetime exposures. However, the no effect levels could not be precisely established. The predictivity of the findings for humans is not known.

Tablet core:

Crospovidone

Lactose monohydrate

Magnesium stearate

Cellulose, Microcrystalline

Povidone

Tablet coating:

Titanium dioxide

Hypromellose

Macrogol 400

0.5 mg: Polysorbate 80 (E433)

1 mg: Iron oxide red

Oral solution:

Maltitol (E965)

Sodium citrate

Citric acid, anhydrous

Methylhydroxybenzoate (E218)

Propylhydroxybenzoate (E216)

Orange flavour (acacia and natural flavours)

Sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to approximately 6

Hydrochloric acid to adjust pH to approximately 6

Purified water

Tablets: Not applicable.

Oral solution: This medicinal product must not be mixed with water, other solvents or other medicinal products.

Tablets: 2 years

Oral solution: 2 years

After opening, the solution can be used up to the expiry date on the bottle.

Blisters:

Do not store above 30°C. Store in the original carton.

Bottles:

Do not store above 25°C. Keep the bottle tightly closed

Oral Solution:

Do not store above 30°C. Keep the bottle in the outer carton in order to protect from light.

Each carton contains either:

• 30 x 1 filmcoated tablets; 3 blister cards of 10 x 1 filmcoated tablets each in Alu/Alu perforated unit dose blisters, or

• 90 x 1 film-coated tablets; 9 blister cards of 10 x 1 film-coated tablets each in Alu/Alu perforated unit dose blisters.

Highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with child resistant polypropylene closure containing 30 filmcoated tablets. Each carton contains one bottle.

Not all pack sizes and container types may be marketed.

Oral Solution:

210 ml oral solution in a HDPE bottles with child-resistant closures (polypropylene). Each carton includes a measuring spoon (polypropylene) with milliliter marks from 1 up to 10 ml

No special requirements.

Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

BRISTOLMYERS SQUIBB PHARMA EEIG

Uxbridge Business Park

Sanderson Road

Uxbridge UB8 1DH

United Kingdom

26 June 2006

04 August 2009

Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) http://www.emea.europa.eu/.